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CCNA Study Notes for Exam 640-410 |
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Tutorial Quick Links
CLI
Network Management
IPX Switches
IGX Switches
BPX Switches
MGX Switches
MPLS
MPLS VPNs
Tiered Networks
Virtual Trunking
Firmware Upgrade
Command Line Interface:
The Command Line Interface, also known as CLI, is a DOS-like interface that is used to administer Cisco Routers. To begin using the CLI, you must first log onto the system with a valid user name and password before commands can be entered. CLI commands have a mnemonic followed by a string of parameters. Spaces are used to separate mnemonic and parameters. Below are some of the common commands.
| Command |
Use |
| adduser |
create a user for a lower privilege level |
| bye/logout |
Ends a session |
| clrscrn |
clears the display |
| cnfpwd |
change password |
| deluser |
delete a user(s) |
| dspcd |
display the status, serial number and revision of a card |
| dsplancnf |
displays LAN port configuration |
| dsptermcnf |
display control port and auxiliary port configuration |
| prtscrn |
print display to printer |
| redscrn |
refresh display |
| vt |
virtual terminal session with remote nodes |
| ? |
display the help menu |
| . |
show the last 12 commands for reuse |
Network Management:
Here will be an introduction to several of the management tools that you will need to be familiar with.
Cisco Wan Manager
Cisco Wan Manager(CWM) is suite of WAN management applications for use with multiservice switches that provides topology, connection, equipment, network, event and security management functions. Runs on Sun Solaris, AIX, and HP-UX and utilizes a Java-based interface. Below are more features of CWM:
- Service Agent provides flow-through SNMP interface for network and service layer management views and control.
- Statistics Collection Manager collects network statistics for performance management, billing and capacity planning using TFTP or FTP for data transfer and SQL database backend for information analysis. It enables statistics to be collected on the network elements and statistics collection policies to be used for the network.
- Network Browser views network inventory and alarm status.
- WingZ reports performance statistics with ad-hoc queries towards the SQL database, and produces raw statistics reporting in a wide selection of graphical format including line, bar, 3D, and tabular charts.
- Summary Reports track network utilization, exceptions, and availability.
CiscoView performs port configuration, viewing alarm status and real-time counters with completely graphical environment.
- Supports Frame Relay and ATM connection management to an MGX 8220 or MGX 8800 interface shelf.
- Security Management allows you to set up access profiles with privileges. It provides GUI-based security where user login IDs are mapped to security-access profiles.
- Inherently redundant as each CWM connected to the network views the entire network, and that up to 12 CWMs can manage the same network with one CWM being used as the fully redundant system.
- CWM is scalable due to its distributed architecture.
StrataView Plus
StrataView is an SNMP based management tool specially designed for managing complex ATM WANs by allowing management modules to be distributed throughout the network. StrataView functions include:
- Monitor usage
- Provision connections
- Prototype services
- Optimize traffic flow
- Model network design
- Track network statistics
- Manage frame relay connections terminated at MGX 8220 Shelf, with all connections treated as end-to-end
- Manage ATM connections terminated at an MGX 8220 Shelf, with all connections are treated as end-to-end
You will need to know the above for your exam as well as the differences between StrataView Lite and Plus versions. You should also be familiar with how to install the Lite version on a laptop.
WAN CiscoView
CiscoView is a GUI-based software for device management that provides graphical representation of network devices, displays configuration and performance information and performs minor configuration and troubleshooting tasks. Utilized by the MGX Series for device monitoring purposes.
IPX Switches:
Below are important features of IPX switches:
- Multiservice
- Narrowband
- Performs cell switching
- Available in 8-, 16-, or 32-slot versions
- Predecessor to the IGX 8400 series wide-area switch
- Allows for the migration from narrowband speed to broadband ATM on the same platform
IGX Switches:
Features
- IGX node operates in public or private Wide Area Networks.
- Supports OC3, T3, E3, T1, E1, Inverse Multiplexing Over ATM for T1 or E1, fractional T1 or E1, subrate digital transmission facilities.
- Uses 1 gigabit per second Cellbus.
- Uses a redundant .2 Gbps bus for backup.
- Provides redundancy of controller cards, service module cards, system buses, and power supplies.
- Hot-swappable modules.
- IPX16 and IPX32 nodes always ship in a custom enclosure. In contrast, IGX nodes can be ordered as stand-alone, rack mount, or factory installed in an enclosure.
Installation Steps
- Enclosure or rack installation
- AC or DC power supply installation
- Cooling unit installation
- Power and ground connections
- Card installation
- Node start-up
Node Configuration
Nodes are configured through commands entered at the control terminal or at a Cisco WAN Manager Network Management Station. Control terminal has system access through local control port or from control terminal screen on Cisco WAN Manager Network Management Station. Remote control terminal access is allowed with Virtual Terminal (vt) command if the node is configured with a name and with minimum one trunk established to the network.
Steps to configure a node include:
Configure the node name (cnfname).
Configure the time zone (cnftmzn).
Configure the LAN interface (cnflan).
Configure the auxiliary or terminal ports to support external devices such as local printer, autodial modem, and external multiplexer (cnfprt, cnfterm, cnftermfunc).
Steps to configure a trunk include:
Verify that correct cards are installed in both the local and remote node (dspcds).
UP the trunk at every single node (uptrk).
Configure parameters (cnftrk).
Set up y-cable redundancy (optional) (addyred)
Set up trunk redundancy (optional) (addtrkred)
Set up ubrate trunk interface control templates (optional) (cnftrkict)
Steps to set up voice lines include:
Activate the line (upcln or upln).
Configure the line (cnfln).
Configure redundancy (addyred).
Steps to set up data lines and ports:
Activate the line (upcln).
Configure the line (cnfcln).
Configure redundancy (addyred).
Steps to set up data connections:
Add connections (addcon).
Configure connection parameters (cnfdclk, cnfcldir, cnfict).
Steps to set up Frame Relay lines and ports include:
Activate each port (upfrport).
Specify a mode for the card as needed
Steps to set up Frame Relay connections:
Add connections (addcon).
Configure connection classes (cnfcls).
Configure control templates, channel utilization, and channel priorities (cnfict, cnfchutl, cnfchpri).
Steps to set up ATM lines and ports:
Activate line (upln).
Configure line (cnfln).
Activate ports (upport).
Configure ports (cnfport)
Steps to set up ATM connections:
Add connections (addcon).
Configure connection type (cnfcontyp).
To optimize network routing and bandwidth, you may use the following commands: cnfchutl, cnfpref, cnfcos
IGX Interface Shelf
- Non-routing concentrator shelf
- Communicates ATM cells to and from a BPX or IGX routing hub in a tiered network
- You may add an interface shelf from Cisco WAN Manager or the command line interface
- Steps for the command line approach:
- Activate the trunk with uptrk.
- Configure the trunk for STI cell headers and BPX Addressing Mode.
- Add the IGX/AF to the hub with addshelf.
- To convert a routing node to an interface shelf, you must remove the routing node from the network. The easiest way to do this is with Cisco WAN Manager. After that, you should add the node to the network as an interface shelf.
IGX Troubleshooting
Use dspcds to display the status of the cards on a node
Use tstcon to test for voice connections
Use tstcon to test for data connections
Use tstport to test for data and Frame Relay ports
Use CVM/NTM for implicit internal loopback test
Use addloclp and addrmtlp for voice/data loopback test
Use addloclp for frame relay loopback test
BPX Switches:
Features
- Support broadband (T3/E3 to OC-12/STM-4) and narrowband (64 kbps to n x T1/E1) via leased lines or public ATM services.
- Offer different port densities via MGX 8220 and MGX 8800 edge concentrators.
- Specially designed for backbone ATM switching by supporting Multiprotocol Label Switching with trunk and CPU hot standby redundancy
- Hold up to 16 edge concentrator shelves
- Edge concentrators terminate traffic from different interfaces and adapt non-ATM traffic into ATM cells.
- Each BPX node can be configured with 12 twelve slots for network or user interfaces.
- Each BPX node can be configured with 3 slots for common equipment cards.
- Uses BXM card sets to provide either service or trunk interfaces.
- BXM cards can be configured to operate in port mode for connection to CPE.
- BXM cards can be configured to operate in trunk mode for connection to other BPX nodes or networks.
- With BCC-4, BPX employs a redundant 19.2 Gbps non-blocking crosspoint switch matrix for cell switching to achieve up to 20 million point-to-point connections per second between ports
- T1/E1 Frame Relay connections from IGX switch interface shelves and T1/E1 Frame Relay, T1/E1 ATM, CES, and FUNI connections from MGX 8220 interface shelves will be routed across the network by their associated BPX switch routing hubs.
- Routing Hubs - any routing node that has attached interface shelves.
- UPC
- Short for Usage Parameter Control
- Implemented in the BPX BXM card
- Per the specification of ATM Traffic Management Specification Version 4.0
- Set of actions taken by the network to monitor and control traffic offered by end user
BPX Frame Relay to ATM
- Enables Frame Relay traffic to be connected across high-speed ATM trunks.
- Network Interworking is performed by the BTM card on the IGX switch and the FRSM card on the MGX 8220.
- For Network Interworking the ATM device does not need to be aware that it is connected to an interworking function.
- Service Interworking is supported by the FRSM card on the MGX 8220 and the UFM cards on the IGX switch.
- For Service Networking the ATM device does not need to be aware that it is connected to an interworking function.
Axis
- Standards-based ATM interface shelf for BPX
- Provides service interface to multi-service networks
- Usually co-located with BPX
- Can concentrate large numbers of PVC connections over high-speed ATM trunks
Installation Steps
- Phase 1: Node Setup
- Configure node name (cnfname).
- Configure time zone (cnftmzn).
- Configure date (cnfdate).
- Configure time (cnftime).
- Configure LAN interface (cnflan).
- Configure auxiliary or terminal ports to support external devices such as local printer, autodial modem, or external multiplexer attached to the unit (cnfprt, cnfterm, cnftermfunc).
- Phase 2: Trunk Setup
- Verify that the correct cards are installed on both the local and remote nodes (dspcds).
- UP the trunk at every single node (uptrk).
- Configure parameters (cnftrk).
- Add trunks to each node (addtrk).
- Set up Y redundancy (optioal) (addyred).
- Phase 3: Shelf Setup
- This phase is needed if you are using an IPX/IGX Interface Shelf.
- Alternatively, you may want to add the MGX 8220 as a shelf to the BPX switch (addshelf).
- Phase 4: ATM Setup
- Activate line (upln).
- Configure line (cnfln).
- Activate ports (upport).
- Configure ports (cnfport).
- Add connections (addcon).
- Configure connection type (cnfcontyp).
- Add connections (addcon).
- Configure connection classes (cnfcls).
- Configure connection groups (addcongrp).
BPX Traffic Management Mechanisms
- Selective cell discard based on Partial packet discard PPD
- Selective cell discard based on Early packet discard EPD
- Explicit forward congestion indication EFCI
- Relative rate RR mode EFCI
- Available Bit Rate ABR flow control with explicit rate
- Virtual source and virtual destination VS/VD
MGX Switches:
- Cisco MGX 8240 Private Line Gateway
- For high volume private line services
- Cisco MGX 8260 Media Gateway
- High-density
- Carrier-class
- Switches TDM and voice over IP traffic across packet networks
- Cisco MGX 8230 Edge Concentrator
- Small footprint
- Supports multiservice
- Cisco MGX 8250 Edge Concentrator
- High-density
- Edge concentrator
- Supports for aggregation of IP, voice, Frame Relay, circuit emulation and ATM services.
- Cisco MGX 8220 Edge Concentrator
- Narrowband
- Multiservice
- Supports for low- to mid-band ATM and Frame Relay aggregation
- MGX 8800 Series
- Supports MPLS-based IP VPNs, VoIP, VoATM, PPP, narrowband and broadband Frame Relay and circuit emulation services
- Can scale from DS0 to OC-48c/STM-16 speeds
MPLS:
- Short for Multiprotocol Label Switching
- Minimizes lookup overhead
- Integrates IP routing with ATM switching to offer scalable IP-over-ATM solutions
- Enables routers at the network edge to apply simple labels to packets
- Labels are short and fixed length
- Labels summarize the following information:
- Destination
- Precedence
- Virtual Private Network membership
- Quality of Service information from RSVP
- Route for the packet
- Analysis of the Layer 3 header is performed only once at the edge label switch router located at each edge of the network
MPLS VPNs:
- Combines traditional IP VPN and connectionless operation with the QoS and performance features of ATM
- Support multiple services over a single structure
- You can use existing BGP techniques to scale route distribution
- No need for VPN knowledge in core
- No need for separate VC mesh per VPN
- To add new sites you simply configure one site on one edge router/switch and then the network will automatically do the rest.
- For privacy purpose, each packet has a label to identify its destination site
PNNI:
PNNI stands for Private Network to Network Interface which is a link-state routing protocol that provides dynamic ATM routing with QoS support. Below are some of the important features of PNNI:
Can automatically configure itself in networks in which the address structure reflects the topology.
Available in BPX switch when the optional Cisco Service Expansion Shelf PNNI is installed and connected locally.
PNNI signaling and routing supports for the establishment of ATM and Frame Relay switched virtual circuits and Soft Permanent Virtual Circuits in addition to traditional ATM and Frame Relay permanent virtual circuits.
Node resources are partitioned between SVCs/SVPCs and PVCs, effectively providing a firewall between PVCs and SVCs/SVPs so that problems with large bursts do not affect the robustness and availability of PVC services.
Tiered Networks:
Interface shelves are connected to routing hubs, and that the interface shelves themselves are configured as non-routing nodes (in a Flat network, all nodes perform routing and communicate fully with one another)
Release 8.5 tiered networks support both BPX switch routing hubs and IGX switch routing hubs.
Support multiservice connections, including Frame Relay, circuit data, voice, and ATM.
Customer premise equipment can be connected to the interface shelf, allowing Hugh room for growth in size.
Inverse Multiplexing ATM (IMA) provides low cost trunk between two BPX switches by allowing BPX switches to be connected to one another over any T1 or E1 trunks from the IMATM module of the MGX 8220 shelf.
Intermediate routing nodes must be IGX switches.
There is no upgrade path in changing a routing node to an interface shelf.
Converting an IGX node to an interface shelf is possible only by reconfiguring connections on the node.
- Routing hubs:
- Nodes with attached interface shelves.
- Route the interface shelf connections across the core layer of the network.
- Maintain network topology.
- Maintain routing information.
- Interface shelves:
- Feeders / non-routing nodes
- Do not maintain network topology
- Do not maintain routing information.
- Annex G:
- Bi-directional protocol
- Defined in Recommendation Q.2931
- For monitoring the status of connections across a UNI interface
- Also for passing connection status information between a Hub Node and attached interface shelf.
- Requirements for BPX routing hubs and their associated interface shelves:
- Only one feeder trunk between a routing hub and interface shelf is allowed
- Direct trunking between interface shelves is NOT supported.
- Routing trunk between the routing network and interface shelves is NOT supported
- Feeder trunks between BPX hubs and IGX interface shelves may be T3, E3, or OC-3, and feeder trunks between BPX hubs and MGX 8220 or MGX 8800 interface shelves can be T3, E3, or OC-3-c/STM-1.
- Telnet is supported to an interface shelf
- vt command is not supported to an interface shelf
- Remote printing by the interface shelf via the print command is not supported.
Virtual Trunking:
- Effectively a trunk over the public ATM service
- Uses virtual trunk number to differentiate the virtual trunks found within a single physical port. Reference material
- Allows you to define multiple trunks within a single physical trunk port interface
- Cuts cost by configuring the virtual trunks for as much bandwidth as needed only
- Makes use of the full mesh capability of the public carrier to reduce the number of leased lines needed between nodes
- Can connect BNI or BXM trunk interfaces to the public network with standard ATM UNI cell format.
Switch Firmware Upgrade:
There are 3 methods of downloading firmware upgrades to WAN switches. This can be accomplished using CWM, CLI
or TFTP. For CLI, you will need to use the cnffunc command to enable the switch for downloading. For CWM, you should use the cnffwswinit command to set up the switch to receive firmware upgrade.
Study Guide developed by Michael Yu Chak Tin
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