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CCNA & CCNP
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Boot Environment
This section will contain facts that you will need to know about booting the various operating systems. The boot files for the various operating systems has been covered already in Domain 1.0.
When booting DOS, there are a couple of boot options that can be used to modify the boot process:
- F5 or Left SHIFT - This will bypass the CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files.
- F8 - Processes CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT one step at a time with confirmation required between steps.
For Windows 9x
- F8 or Left CTRL - Displays the Windows startup menu for Windows 9x that contains boot options such as Safe Mode. Safe Mode is a startup mode in which minimal drivers(mouse, keyboard and VGA display) are loaded and is used to troubleshoot boot and display problems.
- F5 - Boots directly into Safe Mode.
For Windows NT
- VGA Mode - The BOOT.INI file is responsible for the Windows NT/2000 startup screen that lists the operating systems available to boot into and VGA mode. VGA mode will only load standard VGA display drivers and is used for correcting a situation when a driver conflict occurs that prevents normal boot.
- Last Known Good Configuration - This option is presented 2nd and if the space bar is pressed, the system will load system configuration information from the last successful boot. This option is used for fixing problem that arise after installing a new device driver.
For Windows 2000
- F8 - Brings up the Windows 2000 Advanced Options menu which contains several choices as follows: Safe Mode, Safe Mode with Networking, Safe Mode with Command Prompt, Enable Boot Logging, Enable VGA Mode, Last Known Good Configuration, Directory Services Restore Mode and Debugging Mode.
For Windows XP
- F8 - If pressed at the right time during the boot sequence, this will bring up the Windows Advanced Options menu. From here you can choose from the following options:
- Safe Mode: This option uses a minimal set of device drivers and services to start Windows.
- Safe Mode with Networking: This option uses a minimal set of device drivers and services to start Windows, plus the drivers that you need to load networking.
Safe Mode with Command Prompt: This option is the same as Safe mode, except that Cmd.exe starts instead of Windows Explorer.
- Enable VGA Mode: This option starts Windows in 640 x 480 mode, using the current video driver (not Vga.sys). This mode is useful if the display is configured for a setting that the monitor cannot display. Note that Safe mode and Safe mode with Networking load the Vga.sys driver instead.
- Last Known Good Configuration: This option starts Windows by using a previous good configuration.
- Directory Service Restore Mode: This mode is valid only for Windows-based domain controllers. This mode performs a directory service repair.
- Debugging Mode: This option turns on debug mode in Windows. Debugging information can be sent across a serial cable to another computer that is running a debugger. This mode is configured to use COM2.
- Enable Boot Logging: This option enables logging when the computer is started with any of the Safe Boot options except Last Known Good Configuration. The Boot Logging text is recorded in the Ntbtlog.txt file in the %SystemRoot% folder.
Creating Boot Disks
DOS boot disks are created by using the command format a: /s. You should also copy SYS, EDIT, CHKDSK, FORMAT and FDISK onto the floppy.
In Windows 9X, you have the option to create a startup disk when installing the system. If the system is already installed and you need to create Windows 95 start disk, open the "Add/Remove Programs" control panel, select the "Startup Disk" tab and clickon "Create Disk". This disk will include ATTRIB.EXE, COMMAND.COM, SYS.COM, FDISK.EXE, FORMAT.COM, EDIT.COM, SCANDISK.EXE, IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS and REGEDIT.EXE. Windows 98 startup disks are made in the same manner and include all of the above files and also OAKCDROM.SYS(CDROM driver) and EXTRACT.EXE(for uncompressing CAB files).
Windows NT boot disks can be made from the installation CD using the WINNT.EXE /OX command. For windows 2000, this can be accomplished by using the MAKEBOOT.EXE utility. Windows NT/2000 also utilize an Emergency Repair Disk which is used to repair the user account database(SAM) and the registry in case of a failure. In NT this can be created during installation or by using the RDISK utility. In Windows 2000 this can be done during installation or by using the backup utility.
Log Files
Windows 9x log files are:
- BOOTLOG.TXT - This file is created during the first boot after setup. The creation of a new BOOTLOG.TXT can be done by hitting F8 at startup and choosing "Logged" mode. The previous copy of BOOTLOG.TXT will be renamed to BOOTLOG.PRV. This log shows the boot process steps and whether they were successful or failed.
- DETLOG.TXT - This log shows the steps performed in detecting the system's hardware and is created anytime that hardware detection occurs such as during installation and when adding new hardware components.
- SETUPLOG.TXT - This file is created during installation of Windows 9x and records all the options chosen during setup.
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